第十三號艦隊
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Meta Programming in C++26

Posted on Edited on

與其說這是Reflection，這個比較像是General meta programming solution
也就是Boost Hana所推薦的類型運算，將Type當作Value，然後對Type做處理的動作
基本的操作就是這樣

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constexpr std::meta::info value = ^int;
using Int = typename[:value:];

這裡的info是個opaque type，只有Compiler看得懂，任何的操作要透過Meta function來進行

在開始之前，先寫一個Helper function，好幫助做驗證

Helper function

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// start 'expand' definition
namespace __impl {
  template<auto... vals>
  struct replicator_type {
    template<typename F>
      constexpr void operator>>(F body) const {
        (body.template operator()<vals>(), ...);
      }
  };

  template<auto... vals>
  replicator_type<vals...> replicator = {};
}

template<typename R>
consteval auto expand(R range) {
  std::vector<std::meta::info> args;
  for (auto r : range) {
    args.push_back(std::meta::reflect_value(r));
  }
  return substitute(^__impl::replicator, args);
}
// end 'expand' definition

template <typename S>
constexpr auto print_layout() -> std::string {
        std::string desc = "Print struct layout: " + std::string(identifier_of(^S)) + "\n";
        desc += "members: {\n";
        [: expand(nonstatic_data_members_of(^S)) :] >> [&]<auto e>() mutable {
                desc += "    " + std::string(identifier_of(e));
                desc += " " + std::string(identifier_of(type_of(e)));
                desc += "\n";
        };
        desc += "}";
        return desc;
}

測試範例

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struct X
{
    char a;
    int b;
    double c;
};

int main()
{
        auto desc = print_layout<X>();
        std::cout << desc << "\n";
        return 0;
}

無中生有，define_class

最簡單的例子

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struct storage;
static_assert(is_type(define_class(^storage, {data_member_spec(^int, {.name="value"})})));

int main()
{
        auto desc = print_layout<storage>();
        std::cout << desc << "\n";
        return 0;
}

印出來的結果

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Print struct layout: storage
members: {
    value int
}

從上面的程式碼，可以看出

  • storage 是 forward declaration，沒有任何定義
  • 真正的定義是在define_class(....) 這裡
  • 必須使用static_assert(is_type(....))在編譯期完成
  • 宣告member field必須使用data_member_spec

    Template class

    如果我們想要產生類似
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    template <size_t N>
    struct storage {
    	int value[N];
    };
    該怎麼做
    Step1
    雖然無關緊要，不過我想把定義class的部分獨立成一個函數
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    template <size_t N>
    consteval auto define_storage() -> std::meta::info {
    	return define_class(^storage, {data_member_spec(^int, {.name="value"})});
    }
    using T = [:define_storage<10>():];
    這樣省下了static_assert(is_type(...)) 的需求
    Step2
    將storage的forward declaration改成這樣
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    template <size_t N>
    struct storage;
    Step3
    修改define_storage的實作
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    template <size_t N>
    consteval auto define_storage() -> std::meta::info {
            return define_class(substitute(^storage, {^N}), {
                    data_member_spec(^int, {.name="value"})
            });
    }
    這邊有個substitute函數，第一個參數就是tempalte class，之後的參數就是要填入的直了，印出的結果類似這樣
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    Print struct layout: storage
    members: {
        value int
    }
    距離我們要的還差一點
    Step4
    故技重施，定義一個新type
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    template <typename T, size_t N>
    using c_array_t = T[N];
    然後再度修改define_storage
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    template <size_t N>
    consteval auto define_storage() -> std::meta::info {
            return define_class(substitute(^storage, {^N}), {
                    data_member_spec(substitute(^c_array_t, {^int, ^N}), {.name="value"})
            });
    }
    這下子看到的是
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    Print struct layout: storage
    members: {
        value c_array_t
    }
    有沒有辦法將c_array_t變回int[10]
    Step5
    加上dealias就行了，不過應該有更好的方法，暫時還沒想到
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    template <size_t N>
    consteval auto define_storage() -> std::meta::info {
            return define_class(substitute(^storage, {^N}), {
                    data_member_spec(dealias(substitute(^c_array_t, {^int, ^N})), {.name="value"})
            });
    }
    不過這方法跟原先的方法比，最大的好處是可程式化，可以創造出更特別的玩法，例如

Full(Partial) Template Specialization

將原先的範例改成這樣

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template <size_t N>
struct storage {
	int value[N];
};
template <>
struct storage<5> {
        char value[5];
        int value2;
};

我們一樣可以用define_storage來做

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template <size_t N>
consteval auto define_storage() -> std::meta::info {
        std::vector<std::meta::info> members;
        if constexpr (N == 5) {
                members.push_back(data_member_spec(dealias(substitute(^c_array_t, {^char, ^N})), {.name="value"}));
                members.push_back(data_member_spec(^int, {.name="value2"}));
        } else {
                members.push_back(data_member_spec(dealias(substitute(^c_array_t, {^int, ^N})), {.name="value"}));
        }
        return define_class(substitute(^storage, {^N}), members);
}

而Partial Template Specialization 可以用同樣的方式處理

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template <size_t N1, size_t N2>
struct storage {
        int value[N1];
        int value2[N2];
};

template <size_t N1>
struct storage<N1, 5> {
        int value1[N1];
        char value2[5];
};

之後可以這樣寫

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template <size_t N1, size_t N2>
struct storage;
template <size_t N1, size_t N2>
consteval auto define_storage() -> std::meta::info {
        std::vector<std::meta::info> members;
        members.push_back(data_member_spec(dealias(substitute(^c_array_t, {^int, ^N1})), {.name="value1"}));
        if constexpr (N2 == 5) {
                members.push_back(data_member_spec(dealias(substitute(^c_array_t, {^char, ^N2})), {.name="value2"}));
        } else {
                members.push_back(data_member_spec(dealias(substitute(^c_array_t, {^int, ^N2})), {.name="value2"}));
        }
        return define_class(substitute(^storage, {^N1, ^N2}), members);
}

Implement Pick/Omit in TypeScript

Typescript裡面有一個Pick Utility

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type Person = {
  firstName: string;
  lastName: string;
  age: number;
};
type PersonName = Pick<Person, 'firstName' | 'lastName'>;

這裡的PersonName就等同於

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type PersonName = {
  firstName: string;
  lastName: string;
};

C++的等價版本應該是這樣

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template <typename From, typename To>
consteval auto Pick(std::initializer_list<std::string_view> keeps) -> std::meta::info {
        std::vector<std::meta::info> members;
        [: expand(nonstatic_data_members_of(^From)) :] >> [&]<auto e>() mutable {
                auto it = std::ranges::find(keeps, identifier_of(e));
                if (it != keeps.end()) {
                        members.push_back(data_member_spec(type_of(e), {.name=identifier_of(e)}));
                }
        };
        return define_class(^To, members);
}

struct Person {
        std::string firstName;
        std::string lastName;
        int age;
};

struct PersonName;
static_assert(is_type(Pick<Person, PersonName>({ "firstName", "lastName" })));

應該可以更好，不過目前想不到怎麼做
Omit只是Pick的反操作，這邊就不寫了

Revisit Boost MP11

以下是MP11的一個範例

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using L = std::tuple<void, int, float>;
using R = mp_transform<std::add_pointer_t, L>;
static_assert(std::is_same_v<R, std::tuple<void*, int*, float*>>);

可以用Meta Programming重寫

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template < typename T>
consteval auto transform(std::meta::info (&F)(std::meta::info)) -> std::meta::info {
        std::vector<std::meta::info> new_members;
        for (auto member : template_arguments_of(^T)) {
                new_members.push_back(F(member));
        }
        return substitute(template_of(^T), new_members);
}
using L = std::tuple<void, int, float>;
using R = [:transform<L>(std::meta::type_add_pointer):];
static_assert(std::is_same_v<R, std::tuple<void*, int*, float*>>);

省去了很多以往的Template Magic

Conclusion

Reflection如果如期進入C++26，會是極大的變化
只希望一切順利

Reference